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Review PRAGMATIC THINKING AND LEARNING

开始读这本《Pragmatic Thinking and Learning》前半段的时候，并没有太吸引人，不过其实引用了好多颇能开眼界的概念和观点，总结的也还不错，只不过我大都从其他地方了解过了。

不过，从有实操性的章节 Debug your Mind 开始，即便是似曾相似的观点，也开始变得意思起来。

总的来说，这本书告诉我们，平时，我们大都是用 L-Mode 的思考方式，即使说我们更关注 Verbal，Analytic，Symbolic，Abstract，Temporal，Rational，Digital，Logical，Linear。

但是假使，如果我们永远只是从这个方式来学习，便割裂我们大脑的高级功能，没办法合理利用大脑，也使得学习效果大打折扣。因此，掌握 R-Mode, 它会给我们带来 Non-verbal,Non-rational, Synthetic, Spatial, Concrete, Intuitive, Analogic, Holistic。

当我们能让好这两个模式的和平相处，并自然地相互转化，那么我们将获得最大的学习效率。

Advance Learning Skill

书里的东西还是太多，这里只是总结一下关于如何学习的内容。要做到高阶的有效率的主动学习，有三个问题我们需要解决：

  • Better ways to deliberately read and summarize written material
  • Using mind maps to explore and find patterns and relationships
  • Learning by teaching

Better ways to deliberately read

简单来说，记住 SQ3R 方法。

This technique of studying a book or other printed matter is known as SQ3R; that’s an acronym for the steps you need to take.

  • Survey : Scan the table of contents and chapter summaries for an overview.
  • Question: Note any questions you have.
  • Read : Read in its entirety.
  • Recite : Summarize, take notes, and put in your own words.
  • Review : Reread, expand notes, and discuss with colleagues.

其实就是之前我们说的，读书和打仗差不多，先得有“地图”，然后带着问题去学习，并做好归纳，总结和回顾。但是要注意回顾时的时间安排。

For example, you might plan on retesting yourself along a 2-2- 2-6 schedule: retest after two hours, two days, two weeks, and six months.

Using mind maps

显而易见，不需要多解释了。

Learning by teaching

依然显而易见，只是提一下“小黄鸭”方式，再尝试找他人帮忙之前，不妨对”小黄鸭“讲解一下，自己遇到的问题。当然，学习新东西也可以找”小黄鸭“帮忙。

Inner Game

Inner Game是一个新鲜的提法，它教我们，要找到正确的关注点。找对了关注点，就能快速地学习了。

The inner game theory has the solution: instead of issuing a stream of instructions to the student, the idea is to teach the student awareness and to use that awareness to correct their performance. Awareness is an important tool in becoming more than a novice.

This is a key aspect to playing the inner game: don’t focus on cor- recting individual details, but just be aware. Accept what is as a first step, and just be aware of it. Don’t judge, don’t rush in with a solution, don’t criticize.

Tips

书里提到的 Tips 都很有意思，不过呢，要看过书以后才能有正确的理解。

  • Tip 1: Always consider the context.
  • Tip 2: Use rules for novices, intuition for experts.
  • Tip 3: Know what you don’t know.
  • Tip 4: Learn by watching and imitating.
  • Tip 5: Keep practicing in order to remain expert.
  • Tip 6: Avoid formal methods if you need creativity, intuition, or inventiveness.
  • Tip 7: Learn the skill of learning.
  • Tip 8: Capture all ideas to get more of them.
  • Tip 9: Learn by synthesis as well as by analysis.
  • Tip 10: Strive for good design; it really works better.
  • Tip 11: Rewire your brain with belief and constant practice.
  • Tip 12: Add sensory experience to engage more of your brain.
  • Tip 13: Lead with R-mode; follow with L-mode.
  • Tip 14: Use metaphor as the meeting place between L-mode and R-mode.
  • Tip 15: Cultivate humor to build stronger metaphors.
  • Tip 16: Step away from the keyboard to solve hard problems.
  • Tip 17: Change your viewpoint to solve the problem.
  • Tip 18: Watch the outliers: “rarely” doesn’t mean “never.”
  • Tip 19: Be comfortable with uncertainty.
  • Tip 20: Trust ink over memory; every mental read is a write.
  • Tip 21: Hedge your bets with diversity.
  • Tip 22: Allow for different bugs in different people.
  • Tip 23: Act like you’ve evolved: breathe, don’t hiss.
  • Tip 24: Trust intuition, but verify.
  • Tip 25: Create SMART objectives to reach your goals.
  • Tip 26: Plan your investment in learning deliberately.
  • Tip 27: Discover how you learn best.
  • Tip 28: Form study groups to learn and teach.
  • Tip 29: Read deliberately.
  • Tip 30: Take notes with both R-mode and L-mode.
  • Tip 31: Write on: documenting is more important than documen- tation.
  • Tip 32: See it. Do it. Teach it.
  • Tip 33: Play more in order to learn more.
  • Tip 34: Learn from similarities; unlearn from differences.
  • Tip 35: Explore, invent, and apply in your environment—safely.
  • Tip 36: See without judging and then act.
  • Tip 37: Give yourself permission to fail; it’s the path to success.
  • Tip 38: Groove your mind for success.
  • Tip 39: Learn to pay attention.
  • Tip 40: Make thinking time.
  • Tip 41: Use a wiki to manage information and knowledge.
  • Tip 42: Establish rules of engagement to manage interruptions.
  • Tip 43: Send less email, and you’ll receive less email.
  • Tip 44: Choose your own tempo for an email conversation.
  • Tip 45: Mask interrupts to maintain focus.
  • Tip 46: Use multiple monitors to avoid context switching.
  • Tip 47: Optimize your personal workflow to maximize context.
  • Tip 48: Grab the wheel. You can’t steer on autopilot.